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ligeia essay Poe's 'Ligeia' and my literature cheap the Pleasures of paper chromatography Terror. The apparent delights with which we dwell upon objects of pure terror where our moral feelings are not the least concerned, and no passion seems to be excited but the depressing one of fear, is a paradox of the heart, much more difficult of solution. 1. This essay appeared originally in Gothic 2:2 (December 1980) 39-48. Write For Me! I have revised it slightly but not substantially in Write a persuasive essay for college this reprinting. Thanks are due to Gary William Crawford for editing Gothic and tending the flame of my literature essay for me cheap Gothic studies. When Joseph M. Garrison, Jr. undertakes to resolve the ostensible tension between Poe's acknowledged commitment to 'Supernal Beauty' as the poetic ideal and Essay compare two countries films his preoccupation - especially in his prose fiction - with horror, madness and those demonic influences which paralyze personality, destroy social bonds and alienate men from spiritual environments, he not only raises a persistently puzzling question about Poe, but also raises by implication a question about the value of horror as an artistic effect. 2 Garrison concludes that for Write my literature, Poe, Horror and terror are legitimate effects when they are calculated to compel the reader to turn his attention and affections from a debilitating and terrifying analysis of the human condition to an alternative - an ideal - in Help with geometry Poe's case, 'the sentiment of Intellectual Happiness here, and the Hope of a higher Intellectual Happiness hereafter' (p, 148).

While such an argument may appeal to admirers of Poe, it remains on the face of it fundamentally unsound if Garrison means that a competent reading of Ligeia, for Write my literature cheap, example, ought to turn the between, reader's affections from horror toward Intellectual Happiness. There is a general sense in for me which Garrison may be correct about the reader's experience. And Contrast Two Countries! A tale of terror may contribute to enhancing a reader's humanity - as do all valuable works of art - by exercising and improving his perceptions and perspectives, his sympathies and my literature essay self - awareness; only so far may such a tale perform an ethically valuable function. However, as Garrison demonstrates, connecting such a function with a tale such as Ligeia is no simple matter. Garrison's thesis seems a defense of Poe's Gothicism, a quality often thought of Writing critical essay ensure dubious value. Devendra P. Varma's discussions of the critical receptions of Ann Radcliffe and Monk Lewis illustrate the kinds of factors that have contributed to a felt need to defend the Gothic by showing its horrors to serve some worthy end. 3 Radcliffe's reception tended toward the positive because she successfully appealed to her readers' taste for the sentimental (Varma, p. 86) and because one could depend on poetic justice and my literature moral virtue to triumph (p. 91). Because Lewis' The Monk was much less clearly sentimental or didactic, response to the novel was more negative. A Persuasive For College Students! Even though The Monk contains many didactic elements and presents a world in which poetic justice operates, reviewers often were unable or unwilling to justify the novel's horrors on these grounds (pp.

142 - 48). Write My Literature Essay! The tendency to subordinate the horrors of the Gothic to another end such as the sublime (Radcliffe's own justification), 4 or sentimentalism or didacticism is implicit in Elements of essay wiki film the receptions of these works. As sentimentalism and the sublime became less interesting or available as justifications, critics tended to turn toward the didactic as a way of making acceptable the horrors of Write my literature cheap powerful works of fiction. The difference between the receptions of Radcliffe and Lewis is Writing essay ensure, mirrored in the receptions of The House of the Seven Gables and Faulkner's Sanctuary. Write Essay! Chapter Eighteen of Hawthorne's romance is among the more terrifying episodes in nineteenth century American fiction, yet because Hawthorne's moral purposes have rarely been doubted, because the prevailing opinion is that all his works are moral allegories, and perhaps because this episode of entrapment with a corpse is part of a narrative comedy, this novel has fared well in critical opinion. But Faulkner's Sanctuary, widely thought a powerful work, appeared at a time when Faulkner was not thought particularly moral and has been vigorously attacked on moral grounds. Those who have defended the novel have tended to turn to essay, allegory or another didactic mode as a means of defense. 5.

It seems natural, then, that Garrison's defense of my literature essay for me cheap Ligeia should try to locate in Poe's intentions a specific and compare and contrast between two countries laudable moral effect for the tale of my literature for me cheap terror. Garrison is not alone in this effort. Stuart Levine and E.W. Carlson are among the more able interpreters of Poe's career who would prefer that stories as powerful and with geometry hotline interesting as Ligeia and The Fall of the House of Usher not be considered merely tales of terror. 6 Garrison apparently did not intend to essay, directly raise the question of the value of terror as an artistic effect, but perhaps he should have.

It is natural, both aesthetically and historically, to seek to justify the value of horror and terror as means to a didactic end. Garrison's is a highly sophisticated attempt of this kind. But such a justification, as I plan to show, will not do for Ligeia. Writing Critical Must Advance! Therefore, we are forced to consider the more difficult questions raised in the epigraph of this essay: Why do we read horror literature? What rewards does it offer? As one might expect, a fair number of Poe's best known modern critics either do not read Ligeia as a horror story at cheap, all or argue along with Carlson that beneath a surface of apparently gratuitous Gothicism is an undercurrent of meaning that redeems the High writing, horror. This undercurrent consists of the narrator's salvation through the transcendant visionary experience offered him by Ligeia's return (Poe's Vision of Man, p. 17). 7 Such readings seem the most sophisticated and sophistical attempts to rescue Poe from the disreputable Gothic. More true to the tone of Ligeia, though still problematic, are readings such as those given by Sidney Moss and Write G.R. Thompson.

8 These readings originate in of essay wiki poetry three differing conceptions of Poe's career and Write my literature essay vision. Carlson sees Poe's career as a clarification of his idealism and the alignment of Elements wiki his technique and Write essay subjects to serve that idealism. Moss sees Poe as essentially a nihilist whose stories teach a bleak view of man's place and fate. Thompson sees Poe as a romantic ironist, who willfully believes in his idealism, but is able at will to stand back from it and even to contemplate the likelihood that what he chooses to believe might be false. Of Essay Poetry! According to Thompson, Ligeia leads the reader first, into the world of supernatural horror, and then out of that world into a world of mental horror, and then, out of that purely mental world into a limbo region of for me cheap ambiguity where we cannot be sure what did or did not take place ( Poe's Fiction, p. 104). To mediate among these views of Poe is not the intent of this paper. Because Thompson's reading seems truer to what I take to Essay compare two countries films, be a normal reader's competent response to Ligeia and because this reading acknowledges that the tale's effect is horror at various levels, I propose to essay cheap, use this interpretation as a basis for examining how the story produces the effects of horror, what these effects are, and finally, what might make such effects attractive to normal readers. By what means does Ligeia arouse horror in the reader? At the paper chromatography techniques, literal level where most readers begin to understand the story, we find a narrator explaining his mysterious association with Ligeia, a woman of mysterious origin, great beauty, wealth and learning. She engages the narrator in the study of forbidden transcendental doctrine centering on the story's thrice repeated epigraph. The epigraph asserts that the will is mysterious, that God is a great Will pervading all things, and that man dies only because his will is not strong enough to Write my literature essay for me cheap, keep him in life.

This central doctrine expresses both despair and hope: Man's will is weak, but if he can merge it with God's will, he might achieve immortality. On this literal and supernatural level, Ligeia succeeds in compare films strengthening her will. She continues her existence beyond the death of her own body and takes a second body, that of the innocent Rowena. In the final scene, we witness the apparent transformation of fair Rowena into dark Ligeia. This reading is horrifying, but a closer reading on this supernatural level reveals more horrors. What is the meaning of Ligeia's act? Joel Salzberg has taken note of the fact that Ligeia's shrinking from the narrator's touch after her reincarnation suggests her aversion to him, an aversion inconsistent with the love she expresses for him when she is dying. Salzberg sees Ligeia becoming what she most feared, the Conqueror Worm . (living) only Write through the death of Rowena, returning to critical essay ensure advance, him as a spiritual nullity in my literature a grotesque rebirth. 9 Other details of the story suggest deeper horrors. Ligeia possesses the knowledge of the High school textbooks, ages, beyond the learned narrator's ability to conceive. He cannot remember how he came to know her.

He knows nothing of her ancestry, not even her last name. My Literature Essay For Me! Her face and eyes are unforgettable. The latter arouse in him feelings he cannot interpret but which numerous other objects also arouse, objects such as the glances of unusually aged people, a few distant stars, rapidly growing plants, and the passage that is the story's epigraph. One implication of his observations on her eyes is that they reflect the will that refuses to die. She binds him to her with her incredible knowledge and geometry hotline mysterious beauty.

At her death, she fully reveals to him a love that amounts to idolatry. She leaves him great wealth. After her death, he surrenders his will to whatever forces will move him - and what results? He becomes a slave to opium, buys an isolated home and buys a new bride. Their bridal chamber is a pentagonal room decorated by the narrator with magical designs. Here Rowena soon falls ill and, not long after, dies on my literature for me cheap a night when the narrator both feels and desires another presence in and contrast the room and thinks he sees ruby drops fall into Rowena's wine. One need not be convinced by this compiling of detail, but it does not require an overly active imagination to take the hint that Ligeia has taken more than one body in Write for me cheap her time and that she uses men such as the narrator without their knowledge to procure the bodies she needs for reincarnation. Ligeia is like the Conqueror Worm of geometry her poem. In the poem, the angels watch the tragedy of Man in my literature essay cheap which human life consists of the pursuit of an ever sought never caught phantom, the pursuit a puppet show controlled by formless things, a show that ends with the entrance of the of essay drama, Conqueror Worm that devours the puppets most bloodily.

What the worm does to mankind, Ligeia appears to have done physically to Rowena and spiritually to the narrator. How many other men have been her procurers? How many women have been her hosts? She has achieved immortality through feeding on the rest of mankind, dominating their feeble wills with her great will. The horror on the supernatural level does not end with the terrifying events we have noticed thus far.

Beyond cannibalism and transformation, beyond the possibility that Ligeia has fed on her kind for ages, and beyond the suggestion in the poem that these acts reveal some fundamental truth about human condition lurk still more horrors. The epigraph implies that the power of will Ligeia seems to have achieved is a reflection of the will of Write essay God. This implication forces the reader to conceive a world that is and contrast films, a horror to the understanding. To conceive of this world is to my literature essay for me, be trapped in a threatening situation, to experience to a persuasive essay for college, some degree the frailty of one's own will, and to contemplate the terrifying implications of essay a desire for immortality. The narrator finds himself in a world where, despite his and paper techniques Ligeia's desires, death seems to be the ultimate force. Even if a will attains the Write my literature essay for me, strength to conquer death, it conquers by Help with hotline, causing death, by Write my literature essay, becoming death. On this literal level, Ligeia is a powerful tale of terror. Of Essay Wiki! It presents the reader with a series of horrifying events that, upon examination, opens out into a possible world that is inimical to Write cheap, human needs and desires. On this literal level, the horror of incident is school writing zoology, deepened by a horror of the spirit that should produce varying degrees of terror in the reader. The degree of terror should vary in Write for me relation to Elements wiki fiction poetry film, the reader's perception of the distance between the fictionally presented world and the reader's world. (By terror, I mean the fear that harm will come to oneself.

Horror is one's response to fearing or to witnessing harm befalling another sensitive being.) 10 Some terror is inevitable as a result merely of essay cheap imagining such a world, but this reaction should increase in intensity as one approaches nearer to believing this fictional world a true picture of one's own world. Thompson's other two levels of interpretation will reveal Poe's probable intention of reducing, perhaps even eliminating, the distance between the world of the story and the world of the reader. As we examine these levels, it will be crucial to keep in mind that Poe's procedure is Writing essay must ensure advance, not designed to for me, convince readers that the Writing critical essay advance, world of the tale is for me cheap, their world by terrorizing them, but rather to terrorize them by strengthening the illusion that they inhabit the fictional world of the story. We must resist the easy route of choosing a relatively simple didactic end as a justification for techniques, the story's painful emotions. Still at a literal level, but moving from a supernatural to a psychological understanding of events, we enter the territory of the Write my literature essay for me, apparent majority of critics who see the narrator's reliability as a central issue. It has been amply demonstrated that the narrator's reliability is questionable, especially after he moves to his English abbey and Writing ensure advance becomes a slave to opium. Once the narrator is questioned, Pandora's box is open, as is testified to by some strong attempts to reseal the lid. 11 For the essay for me cheap, purposes of Writing essay ensure advance this paper, two of the problems resulting from the opened box seem especially interesting. Write! First, critics begin to Help homework, wonder just how much of the story is hallucination. Second, they have great difficulty determining the narrator's motives.

Does the Write essay cheap, narrator hallucinate only Ligeia's re - incarnation? Does this hallucination result from his megalomaniac desire to conquer death (Basler)? Does the Essay and contrast between two countries, narrator grow to hate Rowena so much that he is driven to Write my literature essay for me, murder her in order to restore Ligeia? 12 Perhaps. Essay Compare And Contrast Between! Ligeia is a visionary figure to whom the narrator sacrifices the real Rowena. Write My Literature Essay Cheap! 13 Joel Porte argues that the entire story is a fantastic projection of the narrator's internal romantic conflicts. 14 Explanations of the narrator's motivation range from seeing him as a ruthless idealist who almost knows what he is doing when he destroys Rowena (Salzberg, pp. 112 - 114) to seeing him as a helpless victim of a world drained of its power to arouse joy and a sense of elevated being (Gargano, p. 338). These and related interpretations lead almost directly to Thompson's third level of meaning, but before turning to that level, let us examine how the psychological level of a persuasive for college Ligeia intensifies the reader's terror. What happens to a reader who discovers that the story he has been understanding as a supernatural tale may, in fact, be a psychological study of the narrator? It seems natural to move from relatively simple acceptance of the narrator to growing doubt about his reliability.

This gradual movement increases the reader's terror by decreasing his distance from the horrifying events. Thompson has pointed out that doubting the narrator opens an my literature, ironic distance between the Write essay, reader and the narrator as it becomes clear that the narrator is closely involved in the eerie events. Write My Literature Essay For Me! ( Poe's Fiction , p. 81). This observation overlooks the paper, dynamic of the reader's transition from the supernatural to the psychological level of understanding. On the supernatural level, the narrator is the victim of inimical forces beyond his ken. Furthermore, it is the nature of first person narration to create a strong bond between reader and narrating character. When the supernatural events begin to change into psychological symbols, the reader is more likely to abandon the my literature, supernatural world view than his closeness to the narrator. Writing Essay Ensure Advance! With the disappearance of the supernatural, the narrator's world becomes more like the reader's world. For Me! The distance between reader and narrator is reduced. At this stage of the Help with, transition between levels, the Write my literature for me cheap, narrator's victimization becomes a puzzle for the reader.

If the narrator is not the victim of a terrifying universe represented by Ligeia, of what is he the victim? The most immediate answer would seem to be that he is the victim of his desire for assurance of chromatography his soul's immortality. He has attempted to my literature essay for me, imagine a victory over mortality, but the vision he has achieved is Writing critical essay must, a horror. To the horror already evoked by cheap, the failed quest on the supernatural level is added the failure of imagination on the psychological level. The reader witnesses the spectacle of a sensitive mind unable to imagine an escape from an oppressive world order, an and contrast, order that refuses to grant transcendental assurances and that perverts or defeats the imagination by making it a mocking torture to its possessor. Write Essay For Me! A key phase in the reader's shift from the first to the second level of Writing must meaning is this moment when the great differences between the narrator's world and the reader's world disappear while the bonds between their minds remain. The narrator becomes a fellow sufferer seeking certainty and power in an unsympathetic universe.

Distance does open up between reader and narrator when the my literature essay for me, reader begins to suspect that the narrator is paper chromatography techniques, a murderer or a psychotic, but the critics who prefer such readings are perhaps too quick to leap that distance, for such readings are more properly later developments in Write my literature cheap a reader's experience, products of a further turning over of the tale in the mind. Once one begins to doubt the narrator, one is bound to see the possibility of reversing one's moral judgment of him. Since the reduction of distance between the reader and the text intensifies the reader's terror, it will be a natural reaction for readers to increase their distance from the text by revising their judgments of the narrator. As we have seen, the motives one then attributes to the narrator can vary widely. He may be a megalomaniac murderer, a man destroyed by his commitment to the ideal, a frustrated lover, or a frustrated seeker after the unknowable. That so many possibilities can be cogently argued may indicate that the text is indeterminate at just the Write students, point where many readers might wish it to be determinate. Sidney Moss believes Ligeia is Write essay cheap, ultimately indeterminate. Noting sketchily a supernatural and a psychological reading, Moss asserts that they cannot be reconciled. These two conflicting readings force the reader to confess that the tale's meaning is indeterminable, . we can say hardly anything about what is really happening . and nothing at all about its meaning, except that . it is inexplicable (Poe's Apocalyptic Vision, pp. 48 - 49). Moss does not elaborate his argument, but it seems clear he is critical essay ensure advance, incorrect in Write essay for me cheap so far as he asserts the incompatibility of the two readings; so one must conclude if, as has been argued here, there is a natural movement in the reader's experience from the High writing textbooks zoology, supernatural to the psychological level.

But Moss does emphasize two significant facets of the story. Essay For Me Cheap! First, as the continuing controversy over which of the two levels is with geometry hotline, primary demonstrates, the move to cheap, a psychological level is only possible, not certain. The text encourages such a move but does not insist on its finality, so Halliburton, for example, can move back from the second to the first level (see note 11). On this point, the text does not seem determinate. Second, Moss believes this story demonstrates his thesis that for Poe, Man is a persuasive essay, totally helpless in Write cheap a universe he has abandoned all hope of understanding. All that man really knows, all he can experience, is terrible torment (p. 47).

While it is probably incorrect that this story is designed to teach any lesson, it is true that Ligeia confronts the reader at some point with such a world and the struggles of a sensitive soul to make himself a place in it. Ligeia is indeterminate not only Help geometry hotline with regard to the primacy of the first two levels but also with regard to the narrator's motives on the second level. This indeterminacy is profoundly disturbing; it propels the my literature, reader who successfully exercises negative capability to Thompson's third functional level, that ironic level at which the of essay wiki poetry drama, story mocks the my literature essay, reader. Following the lead of Clark Griffith, 15 Thompson argues several ways in which Ligeia satirizes its readers, but satire is less productive of terror than are the ways in which the text mocks the Write a persuasive, reader's attempts to know it. 16 Discovering the narrator's possible unreliability and being forced to explore the implications of this possibility is an unnerving experience for the reader even though it may be mitigated by my literature for me, the excitement of discovery as new possibilities emerge from the text. But what happens when, in the unsettled excitement of this discovery, the High school zoology, story explodes into multiple possibilities? It may be somewhat like reading the more convincing interpretations and being convinced by each in turn over and over again into eternity. The story refuses to be known. It resists one's attempts to settle on an evaluation of the Write essay for me cheap, narrator. Furthermore, it becomes apparent that each choice is a temptation to of essay wiki fiction film, be done with the tale, to Write for me, escape the terrifying world in which one must remain so long as one attends to High writing, the story.

What world is this? Precisely the world in which the Write my literature for me cheap, narrator finds himself, a world that will not yield to his attempts to know it. Even when the narrator imagines an ideal order, a world without death, that image turns back on him, mirroring the terrifying nightmare of Ligeia's poem. Is the world diseased or is his mind his enemy? In either case, the result for the narrator is the same. As the world is to the narrator, the story is to the reader. Stephen L. Mooney's definition of Poe's doctrine of effect seems to apply as well to Ligeia: . the calculation of the artist to involve the reader in the life of the fiction, so that an experience of High school zoology reality would be forged in the consciousness, fully and permanently . Poe is a spiritual aggressor. He moves in essay for me cheap upon consciousness like an zoology, invading army. If the effect of reading him is rather like going through a war, we may be sure that it was the effect he intended. The reader does not forget. He knows that Poe has been there.

17. To read this story faithfully is to submit to imprisonment in a terrifying and, in some ways, inescapable fictional world and, therefore, to Write my literature essay, experience terror as intensely as may be possible for a reader of a fiction. The reader is threatened with becoming like the narrator. Such a threat may stimulate still further the reader's desire to know the unknowable narrator in order to more fully understand the narrator's true relation to the reader. To attempt such a knowing in this state is to prolong one's terror. Ligeia is designed to arouse intense terror in its readers. The greater the attention a reader gives to the story, the more intense will be his experience. A Persuasive Essay Students! In fact, it appears that a careful reading in which this intensity reaches a maximum will move through stages roughly parallel to the stages through which critical interpretation of the story has moved and almost exactly parallel to the ascending functional levels Thompson has seen in Poe's Gothic tales. Write Cheap! It is wiki fiction poetry drama, not difficult to understand why such a reading of Ligeia might arouse skepticism. We have seen that horror is thought to Write my literature essay, be of Essay and contrast between dubious literary value as an end.

Worse still, this reading asserts that Ligeia's end is to terrorize the reader. Furthermore, by accepting the reading, one is forced to consider a most vexing question: why would anyone want to read a story that has such an effect? It would appear that many readers do not want to read such a story, for if, as I have implied, this reading includes and partially synthesizes most earlier readings, then those who insist on the finality of one earlier reading are either denying or attempting to my literature for me cheap, mitigate the tale's terror. Hypothesis Paper! 18 I would argue that this story produces in the reader terror as an end rather than a means and that normal people read and reread the story precisely because they enjoy such experiences. To give some credibility to the latter half of that statement, let us take two steps: first a consideration of the technical means by which a story can terrorize a reader and, second, a consideration of how the reader might find pleasure in experiencing such a story. Without the example of Ligeia before us, it would be difficult to assert the possibility of a reader being terrorized by a fiction. Such an effect may entail the breakdown of the psychical distance that Edward Bullough argues is essential to essay for me, an aesthetic experience. Essay Ensure! Bullough defines psychical distance as the separation of the object and its appeal from one's own self by putting it out of gear with practical ends and needs.

19 If a story terrorizes a reader, it must somehow deliberately reduce or even eliminate psychical distance. Bullough uses an example of a fog at sea to for me, explain the effect of distance. A sea fog is usually frightening; however, during such a fog one can experience a turning of attention in which practical concerns of safety fade away and the fog becomes an object of aesthetic contemplation. This turn opens the fog to a new kind of perception in which its danger may become a part of the experience of with its beauty because now the danger is not felt as a practical danger to oneself (p. 755). Write For Me! The proper approach to a story is to open oneself to the aesthetic turn and to enter easily into an attitude of psychical distance that the author, with technical skill, attempts to manipulate in order to encourage the reader, in Roman Ingarden's terms, to form one aesthetic object from among all the Hypothesis chromatography techniques, possible concretizations of the text. 20 Once the reader has entered the story and my literature accepted its projections of narrator and world, Ligeia begins to attempt deliberately to reduce and, perhaps, finally eliminate psychical distance, to move the reader out of his aesthetic attitude and into a quite particular practical attitude.

In Ligeia, the practical attitude is mental terror. High! This effect violates Bullough's antinomy of distance:what is, therefore, both in appreciation and production most desirable is the my literature essay for me, utmost decrease of distance without its disappearance (p. 758). Compare Between! In Ligeia, Poe tries to for me, make distance disappear. Even though Bullough would tend to blame a loss of distance either on Essay and contrast two countries the artist's failure or on the reader's, he does make it clear that loss of distance is my literature essay for me, possible. Tragedy, he asserts, trembles always on the knife - edge of a personal reaction, and Writing critical essay advance sympathy that finds relief in Write essay tears tends almost always towards a loss of distance (p. Hypothesis Chromatography Techniques! 763).

If the loss is possible, then it is also possible that authors might attempt to exploit the potential of deliberately destroying psychical distance, of switching readers out of the essay, aesthetic attitude. It may be that all or most horror stories seek to school writing textbooks zoology, terrorize readers at least mildly. Even the explained Gothic of Ann Radcliffe, terrorizes to some extent though the distance between reader and terrifying objects is maintained by many technical features of the work, such as the orderliness of the Write cheap, fictional world, the remote settings, the concentration of the horrors on a sympathetic victim clearly separated from the reader, and between the conventional reliable narration. Write For Me! One can observe a trend in Lewis, Maturin, Poe and a persuasive essay for college students down to Lovecraft and the twentieth century horror film, of increasing exploration and exploitation of universally terrifying objects. A catalog readily comes to mind: all hostile manifestations of supernatural agency; nearly everything associated with death; the violation of the most basic moral laws against incest, torture, and cannibalism; and attempts to harm the individual soul. The vivid portrayal of Write such horrors is likely to reduce most readers' distance from the portrayal and to threaten them directly. Perhaps a major difference between Maturin or Lewis and Poe is that the Hypothesis paper techniques, former maintain conventional distance while Poe seems to have discovered ways to reduce or eliminate such distance and, thereby, to intensify the reader's terror. G.R.

Thompson notes that Melmoth theWanderer teases the reader in my literature essay for me cheap a way that points toward the ambiguity of Poe (Gothic Fiction and the Romantic Age, p. 21). However, the terror (as opposed to the horror) of the reader arises only as a direct response to the horrors that characters suffer. The degree of that direct response depends on Elements of essay wiki fiction poetry film how sensitive the Write my literature cheap, particular reader is to the depicted horror. Fiction Poetry Drama Film! Peter Penzoldt, in his chapter on The Pure Tale of Terror has inadvertently demonstrated the degree to which sensitivities can vary. He finds the essay, tales of Crawford, Machen, and Elements wiki Lovecraft too repulsive to be really good, yet he marvels at how the tales he thinks uncommonly bad are most often anthologized. 21 One direction of refinement the tale of terror seems to have taken is toward techniques, situations, and Write images that, in Henry James' words, will catch those not easily caught. the. jaded, the disillusioned, the fastidious. 22.

It becomes more plausible to think that Poe might have written at least one story in which he experimented with the essay, destruction of the aesthetic attitude when one reflects that such experimentation was in the air, especially in nineteenth century America, that the theoretical possibility had been present at least since Burke's definition of the sublime as involving terror in an essential way, and that experiments in didactic fiction, at least as early as Candide had cultivated an interest in using the delights of fiction in my literature essay cheap the service of practical ends. Write Essay For College Students! The attempt to Write my literature essay for me, appropriate the pleasures of Writing critical must ensure advance art to practical moral ends is as old as aesthetic thought and Write needs no documentation here. One need only notice that with the rise of mass readership and the accompanying extension of concern about the relation of art and Help public morality, novelists could be expected to seek ways of moving readers into, then out of an aesthetic attitude, to seek ways of telling stories to arouse energies that might then be directed to virtuous action. My Literature Essay For Me Cheap! 23 While it may not be possible to make stories that will have precisely this effect, the attempts to do so, especially those of major Gothic writers such as Radcliffe, Lewis, Brown, Shelley, and Maturin, brought to homework hotline, the fore questions about the Write essay cheap, aesthetic value of terror and attendant problems of distance. Most discussions of these questions, according to Samuel Monk, derived from Burke's A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful, published in 1757. Chromatography! 24. Burke explains how terror is Write for me, involved in the sublime: Whatever is fitted in any sort to excite the ideas of pain, and danger, that is to say, whatever is in any sort terrible, or is High school textbooks zoology, conversant about terrible objects, or operates in a manner analogous to terror, is my literature essay for me, a source of the sublime; that is, it is Write students, productive of the strongest emotion that the mind is capable of Write essay for me cheap feeling . When danger or pain press too nearly they are incapable of giving any delight, and are simply terrible; but at certain distances, and with certain modifications, they may be, and they are delightful, as we every day experience (1, 7; Quoted in Monk, p. 91). Implied in this explanation is the possibility that the chromatography techniques, aesthetic attitude toward a terrifying object might break down. Monk also presents Knight's argument that Burke has confused the practical and the aesthetic: To the man who sees the danger in the storm and who does not fear, the Write, phenomenon is sublime; but the moment that it becomes terrible, the Help with geometry, moment that fear comes into the experience, all sympathy with the cause that produced it, and consequently, all relish for the sublimity of it, is at an end.

Practical considerations have destroyed the capacity of regarding the tempest aesthetically (The Sublime, p. 162). In Burke and in subsequent discussions of the sublime is the possibility, undesirable but always present, that someone might find a value in deliberately eliminating the distance essential to harnassing terror's energy to the sublime. That experiments with distance were in the nineteenth century air is my literature, demonstrated by Write a persuasive, a few familiar examples. Crossing Brooklyn Ferry is a calculated attempt to eliminate distance between speaker and reader. In The White Heron, Sarah Orne Jewett attempts the imaginative union of narrator, character, landscape, and reader. As Richard Poirier has argued, American writers have long been interested in inducing visions in essay their readers. 25 But for the purposes of this essay, a useful example is the eighteenth chapter of The House of the Seven Gables, Governor Pyncheon. In that chapter, Hawthorne approximates the compare and contrast between two countries, movement we have seen in Ligeia in such a way as to reveal the essay for me, springs of the tale's ability to attract and please readers. Like Ligeia, Governor Pyncheon captures the reader and provides a terrifying vision of the abyss, a vision virtually the opposite wiki drama film of that offered by Whitman and Jewett. This chapter begins in a tone of mockery as narrator and reader play the game of essay for me pretending the textbooks zoology, dead judge is alive in order to judge him for his sins and to twit him for his inability to carry out essay for me cheap, his ambitious and greedy projects. High! But as we mock the judge, time passes.

The twilight comes glooming upwards out of the corners of the room. 26 We are left in utter, deathlike darkness. An infinite, inscrutable blackness has annihilated sight! Where is our universe? All crumbled away from us; and we, adrift in chaos, may harken to the gusts of homeless wind, that go sighing and murmuring about, in quest of what was once a world (p.241)!

We have been captured in our game and the mockery has turned back upon us. The narrator identifies us with the homeless wind, for we have experienced something like death and now are spirits without a world. We are transformed and entrapped. While time is for me cheap, no longer of importance to the judge (so we agreed as we mocked him), now we experience it as unendurable duration: Would that we were not an attendant spirit here! It is too awful! This clamor of the wind through the lonely house; the judge's quietude as he sits invisible; and Essay and contrast between two countries films that pertinacious ticking of his watch (p. 242)! When the moon restores some light, the narrator lightens the tone by mentioning the ghost legends of the house.

However, we are again entrapped by his efforts to make a little sport with the legends. His vision assumes a life of its own and reveals more than we know, that the judge's heir is also dead. The intended relief intensifies terror and my literature for me entrapment, We needed relief .. from our too long and exclusive contemplation of that figure in the chair . yonder leaden Judge sits immovably upon our soul. Will he never stir again? We shall go mad unless he stirs (p. 245)! Several distancing factors, including a certain playfulness in the narrative voice, prevent the fiction drama film, degree of my literature for me cheap reduction of distance in this chapter that one experiences in Ligeia. Still, it is clear that Hawthorne seriously intends to terrorize the reader to some extent, perhaps in order to evoke a deeper understanding of the sufferings of others, especially Clifford and fiction poetry drama Hepzibah, that the essay for me, judge lacked during his life and, perhaps, to explore the world implied by the judge's values.

This chapter of The House of the Seven Gables helps to demonstrate that Poe's contemporaries were experimenting with the possibilities of reducing psychical distance and Writing critical essay ensure advance provides one example, in addition to Ligeia, of a movement toward dissolving a previously created aesthetic attitude. Write Essay Cheap! This example is useful to Hypothesis paper techniques, the further extent that it is specific about my literature essay for me cheap, what means it intends to use for terrifying the reader. There is an attempt to a persuasive, entrap the reader in the fictional situation, to render that situation frightening via the presence of threatening objects, agencies, and events, and to transform the reader psychologically. The threats of Write my literature entrapment, confrontation with the threatening, and transformation are familiar because they are primary means by which the villains of Gothic Romance terrorize their victims. However, Hawthorne and Poe have introduced a new factor. Zoology! Elizabeth MacAndrew points out Write, that in eighteenth - century critical thought, the misery of innocent suffering was thought to call forth the reader's benevolence on behalf of the sufferer (pp.39 - 40). Presumably, when the victim is terrorized, the reader may feel an intensity of pity as a part of the suspense that such threats evoke. These effects are often associated with melodrama and are familiar in Elements of essay wiki fiction drama film the films of Alfred Hitchcock; consider, for example, the intensity of suspense and fear for any character in Write essay cheap Psycho who enters the Write essay, house alone. MacAndrew also discusses John and Anna Aiken's puzzling over what they saw as gratuitous horrors in Gothic fiction.

For them, as for Burke, terror became functional only in evoking the sublime, a response valuable in itself (MacAndrew, pp. 41 - 2). However, when Hawthorne mildly but directly threatens the reader and Write my literature for me cheap when Poe makes the reader an actual victim of Gothic terrors, neither of these explanations is adequate. Help Geometry! For horror to intensify the reader's sympathy and for terror to serve the sublime, distance is essential. Write My Literature Essay For Me! When a tale sets out to terrorize the reader directly, it must do so by drawing the reader into Essay compare between two countries, an aesthetic attitude; then it must quite deliberately move toward destroying that attitude in my literature for me such a way as to threaten the Hypothesis, reader. This new factor subverts the my literature cheap, old aims. To understand why Poe may have thought the experience of terror might be pleasurable to readers, it is helpful to look somewhat closely at how fictional characters are made to react to terror. In the Gothic Romance, heroines often undergo a sequence of events that includes entrapment, a confrontation with some threatening circumstance, and a threatened or actual transformation. Help Hotline! For example, in C.B.

Brown's Wieland, Clara Wieland experiences progressive isolation and multiple physical entrapments that contribute to psycholocigal entrapment in a repulsive social identity. During the physical entrapments she is subjected to physical threats such as rape and murder and the psychological threats of transformation of social identity and, eventually, of personality. When she witnesses her brother's transformation into a madman, she experiences a profound threat that she will be similarly transformed even should she escape all the other threats. By observing how she reacts to these threats, we may gain insight into what sort of reactions one might expect from a reader threatened in parallel ways by a tale. The central effect of Clara's entrapment in threatening circumstances is the deterioration of her rational powers; a separation of reason and Write for me will precedes the disordering of reason.

Alone in textbooks her house, Clara has heard from within her closet a voice plotting her murder. Yet on a later night, after she dreams of being murdered, she decides to Write my literature essay for me, enter that closet in defiance of a rational evaluation of her position. In her closet she meets a man who says his intentions were to rape her. 27 Like Arthur Gordon Pym, when he is trapped in the hold of a ship, Clara loses control of her will and partially loses her self - possession. Poe's novel is even more instructive on this point; Pym, as a result of Elements of essay poetry drama entrapment, experiences debilitation and loss of orientation. He imagines threatening agencies and, eventually, loses virtually all control over body and mind. The sequence, from Write my literature essay for me cheap entrapment through transformation, causes a progressive disordering of rational faculties in the victims of Gothic Romance. When Clara understands the nature of her brother's transformation, she reflects, I wondered at my brother's condition.

Now was I stupified with tenfold wonder in contemplating myself. Was I not likewise transformed from rational and human into a creature of nameless and fearful attributes (Brown, p. 205)? Following this train of thought to a conclusion, she realizes that her sanity must appear madness to her brother, who has actually heard the voice of God commanding him to slay those he loves. How can she be certain that he has not heard God's voice? Her rationally ordered world crumbles away leaving her hoping for the comfort of an early death (Brown, pp. 205 - 7). The central Gothic horrors constitute an school zoology, assault on the integration of the victim's personality. Elizabeth MacAndrew has argued that Ann Radcliffe's novels involve tests of my literature essay for me their heroines.

For example, in The Mysteries of Udolpho , Emily's travels are symbolic journeys between different worlds that represent different states of mind she must confront and understand, whether they are in herself or in others . Brought up surrounded by goodness . Help With Geometry Homework Hotline! Emily . makes out of human wickedness, cruelty, greed, and desperation, a nightmare Gothic world of essay cheap supernatural evil. This Gothic view is hers, not Ann Radcliffe's. Before she can escape, she must first recognize that Montoni is not a human monster but a bandit. Help With Geometry Hotline! (MacAndrew, pp. 132 - 3) Perhaps a story could attempt to subject a reader to a direct approximation of this kind of test. That Ligeia is intended to try its readers seems plausible.

It is a trial to withstand and deal with a story that leaps over the normal distance between fiction and reader in order to attack the reader. The story may give pleasure because successfully reading it is a test of one's ability to essay cheap, hold together in the face of a world that refuses to surrender to High writing textbooks zoology, one's powers of Write essay for me cheap integration. All literature offers, among its many pleasures, those of exercising peculiarly human faculties and capabilities: verbal mastery, the power of forming mental images, sympathy, intensity and variety of emotional response, moral judgment, and, perhaps also, the sense of having the strength to maintain the integration of films one's chosen personality. Personality is chosen, not only in essay the sense that we commit ourselves to values and actions that contribute to our identities, but also in the existential sense of moment by moment choice to be one personality (sanity) as opposed to surrendering to alternate possible selves (psychosis). Entrapment, confrontation with horrific threats, and transformation suggest three major psychological threats: claustrophobia and related spatial fears, paranoia, and schizophrenia. Ligeia may be seen as giving the reader some sense of how these psychotic states feel. To the degree that Ligeia succeeds at threatening its reader with these psychoses, it must test that reader's ability to of essay poetry, resist such states. For Me Cheap! It is possible that readers will feel greater pleasure in the exercise of their faculties of and contrast films integration as the threats they withstand are more direct and intense. And, if the threats prove too intense, the normal reader has available the usual defenses, flight and Write essay cheap repression. The pleasure of reading a tale that to some degree attempts a direct attack of terror on the reader derives from the reader's successful exercise of Help geometry homework hotline his faculties of personal integration in resistence to essay, the threats posed by that story. Even though this hypothesis about the pleasure of terror has the value of two countries films suggesting that the modern taste for the mental terror that fiction can arouse may not be a disease, it is, nevertheless, certain - to evoke skepticism.

Perhaps the best way of enhancing the credibility of the hypothesis would be to analyze a number of texts with similar effects, but to do so would make this essay too long. However, with the help of other scholars and critics, it is possible to suggest that there are other works like Ligeia which to some degree terrorize their readers, that the effect of terror in such works centers on threats to the reader's personality, and that the pleasure that attracts readers to such works derives from exercising the personality's integrative faculties to Write for me, master those threats. The possibility that other works function in ways similar to Ligeia is critical must, strengthened if not demonstrated by Write my literature cheap, recalling the critical histories of two other major terror tales, The Fall of the House of Usher and The Turn of the Screw. Each has gone through the same three stages of Essay and contrast between two countries films interpretation from Write for me literal supernatural readings, through the discovery of psychological ambiguity, to a proliferation of explanations of the ambiguity that seems to suggest that in both works a potentially terrifying indeterminacy emerges from the most attentive readings. 28 Works that attack readers in other ways have a long history and seem, in contemporary fiction to have increased in number. Philip Thomson demonstrates how since ancient times the technique of the with geometry, grotesque has produced in readers an unresolvable clash of incompatibles. 29 Mathew Winston has argued that contemporary Black Humor concerns itself with unsettling readers, by deliberately disorienting them, in order to achieve various effects.

30 David I. Grossvogel believes that the Write essay, modern mystery story attempts to achieve a kind of open-endedness that will make the text into a mystery; the text offers itself as a deciphering, as another form of the critical ensure, obdurate otherness at whose shifting limits the probing continues. 31 He further argues that The Purloined Letter is designed, as we have seen that Ligeia is for me, designed, to entrap or captivate those of its readers who attempt to attend to techniques, it fully. The more closely The Purloined Letter is read, the more stubbornly does it refuse to yield itself. This story confronts the close reader with an experience of reality (Grossvogel, pp. 93 - 109). S.S. Prawer indicates that he and essay cheap others have been terrorized by horror films. He attempts to explain how the compare and contrast two countries films, terror works and Write my literature essay suggests some ideas about Write a persuasive for college students, why such an experience may be pleasurable. 32.

In Caligari's Children, Prawer attempts an analysis of the fascination of fear which seems to support our hypothesis. He lists and describes the Write essay for me, fears to which horror films have spoken. He recognizes the general fear of entrapment (pp. 77 - 8) and threatening agencies. The fear of threatening agencies may include: fear of being possessed (p.

5 1), of homework hotline invasion of privacy (p. 52) and of being manipulated against one's will (p. 57), fear of those who have defied human limitations (p. 56), of the dead (p. 68), and of encounters with hostile non - humans (p. 52). He also recognizes the essay, fear of being transformed; among the other fears he mentions, those related to transformation are: of compare between being possessed (again), of the escape of one's inner animal nature (p. 53), of the loss of wholeness of personality (p.

55) and. fear of loss of a rational world (p. 81). Essay! Such a list makes clear one point that might easily be misunderstood; the categories of entrapment, threatening objects and agencies, and transformation are neither mutually exclusive nor guaranteed to techniques, be all - inclusive. Barton Levi St. Armand underlines this point in The Roots of Horror in the Fiction of H.P. Essay For Me! Lovecraft. 33 According to St.

Armand, Lovecraft finds the experience of viscosity terrifying because he associates it with the primal slime from which life emerged: To become a part of that (primal) sea without losing consciousness was the ultimate horror of Writing critical essay must Lovecraft's landlocked world. It was the triumph of Write my literature essay viscosity, the triumph of filth, the triumph of all alien mixtures, and especially, the triumph of Write a persuasive essay alien blood (St. Armand, p. Write My Literature For Me Cheap! 63). Contained in the concept of viscosity are all three general categories: entrapment in a physical process of deterioration in which one is powerless before the force that transforms one into an alien substance. This image of Elements of essay wiki drama viscosity suggests that the key to the mental terror of fiction is the threat of transformation, for this threat presupposes entrapment and confrontation with a power that is perceived as alien whether it arises from within or from essay without.

The threat of transformation seems aimed directly at the personality of the victim just as the mental threats of psychosis that Ligeia makes are aimed at the personality of the reader. In the words of Lovecraft's Randolph Carter, Merging with nothingness is peaceful oblivion; but to be aware of existence and yet to Writing critical ensure, know that one is no longer a definite being distinguished from other beings - that one no longer has a self - that is the nameless summit of agony and dread. 34. Prawer speaks more directly than does St. Armand to the problem of the reader's or the my literature for me cheap, viewer's pleasure in the terror of a fiction.

He goes beyond the usually unexamined assertions that horror or films are somehow thrilling, for he recognizes the problem of explaining why a thrill of terror should be pleasurable. In his conclusion, Prawer suggests that viewers somehow perceive that horror is good for them: terror - films articulate not infrequently terror at Writing critical essay, the order we have created or help to uphold as well as the anarchic desires that oppose such order (p. 270). He also says, . the terror - film responds to a need one can also observe in any fairground: the need to be safely frightened, the need to test and objectify and come to grips with one's terrors in a setting of ultimate security, where one can tell oneself at any moment: 'It is essay cheap, only a film; these are only actors; this isn't even my own dream, I can get up and leave the darkened cinema to step into a more familiar world at with geometry, any moment' (p. My Literature Essay! 48). While it may be true that one is ultimately safe in that one can physically escape the mental terror of High school textbooks a film, it is not certain that one is very safe. The viewer must make his own distance. And because the threats are mental, once one has taken in the images, they must be dealt with. Prawer comments on the degree to which distance may be reduced in the cinema (pp. 65 - 6) and, still more interesting, he tells of my literature cheap his own daughter's loss of distance from 7he Exorcist: Age - old fears that alien forces may enter and take over our very bodies help to explain the undoubtedly disturbing effect that Friedkin's The Exorcist had on a number of susceptible viewers - including my teenage daughter, who had the screaming heebie-jeebees for weeks after seeing that film, but who seems now to have come to terms with the terrors it articulated for her (p.

51). Elements Of Essay Fiction Film! When a work of terror succeeds in erasing the barrier of distance, it becomes positively threatening to its reader or viewer. But, as another of Prawer's personal experiences suggests, this threat may be just what the reader or viewer sought in the first place. He describes his reaction upon first seeing. White Zombie when he was fourteen: the whole added up to an encounter with deep - seated fears from which I felt I emerged with credit. I remember the experience with gratitude as a liberating and exhilarating one. (p. 202). Prawer is not speaking here of being safely frightened, but of being really frightened. He is not speaking of the essay, thrills of terror, even though he most likely felt emotions that could be so named, but rather of his own mastery of the terror that the film evoked. Prawer may not wholly agree with these derivations from his presentation, but his experiences seem to confirm the idea that the pleasures of terror arise from the successful exercise of faculties of personal integration in resistance to the mental terrors of the work.

For his more susceptible daughter, the process of mastery extends over critical essay, some time after viewing the film. One is safe from Write my literature essay for me cheap such a film only because it will end; therefore, if one cannot master its terrors, one can only reassert some form of distanced relation to Hypothesis paper techniques, those terrors either during or after the my literature essay, film. The latter response is paper chromatography, probably much less pleasurable than the former. If the for me cheap, rewards of enduring the Hypothesis chromatography techniques, disappearance of distance that leads to psychological terror include the Write my literature for me, liberation, the exhilaration, and Help geometry hotline the self - praise that Prawer describes, then, surely, tales of terror are valuable. They have not only the ethically valuable effect of helping us to master our terrors, but also the essential artistically valuable effect of Write my literature for me pleasing us. 35 Without the latter, there would be no readers or viewers to benefit from the former effect.

Normal people are attracted to terror in with geometry literature and film because it legitimately pleases them. In order to be pleased by for me, terror, they must exercise their uniquely human faculties, not only all those faculties that are necessary for the arts of reading and understanding, but also those special faculties for Writing critical essay must, maintaining an integral personality. Inevitably, in the pleasurable exercise of those various faculties, those people who are terrorized are also humanized. The pleasures of my literature cheap terror are humane pleasures. 1 Quoted by Elizabeth MacAndrew, The Gothic Tradition in Fiction (New York: Columbia Univ.

Press, 1979), p. 41. Her source is the Write a persuasive essay for college, third edition of John Aikin and Anna Laetitia Barbauld, Pleasure Derived from Objects of Terror, Miscellaneous Pieces in Prose (London, 1792), p. 120. There are slight textual variations in Write for me the first (1773) and Essay second (1775) editions. 2 Joseph M. Garrison, Jr., The Function of essay for me cheap Terror in the Work of Edgar Allan Poe, American Qu arterly, 18 (1966), 137. 3 D.P. Varma, The Gothic Flame (London: Baker, 1957), chapters five and six. 4 Ann Radcliffe, On the Supernatural in Poetry, New Monthly Magazine, NS 16 (1826), 145 - 50. 5 The critical response to Hawthorne's works is well known and can be reviewed in B. Bernard Cohen, The Recognition of Nathaniel Hawthorne (Ann Arbor: U of Michigan P, 1969). For attacks on the morality of Write essay students Sanctuary see H.S.

Canby, Seven Years Harvest (Murray Hill, New York: Farrar and Write for me Rinehart, 1936), pp. 79 - 82, Oscar Cargill, Intellectual America (New York: Macmillan, 1941), p. School Writing Zoology! 378; and W. Lewis, A Moralist with a Corncob, Life and Letters, 10 934), 312 - 28. For a pair of less than satisfactory attempts to treat the essay cheap, novel as allegory, see Richard Chase's discussion of George Marion O'Donnell's account of Sanctuary, 7he American Novel and Its Tradition (Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1957), pp. 237 - 41. For a discussion of Sanctuary as a Gothic novel, see Robert D. Hume, Gothic vs. Write Essay For College Students! Romantic: A Reevaluation of the Gothic Novel, PMLA, 84 (1969), 288. 6 Stuart and Susan Levine, eds., The Short Fiction of Edgar Allan Poe (Indianapolis: Bobbs - Merrill, 1976), and Eric W. Carlson, Poe's Vision of Man, R.P. Veler, ed., Papers on Poe (Springfield, Ohio: Chantry Music Press, 1972), pp.

7 - 19. 7 David Halliburton, Edgar Allan Poe: A Phenomenological View (Princeton: Princeton UP, 1973), pp. 217 - 18, brings the horror of the narrator's defeat back into the story as subordinate to the victory of transcendent vision. 8 Sidney P. Moss, Poe's Apocalyptic Vision, R.P. Veler, ed. Papers on Poe, pp. Essay For Me Cheap! 42 - 53 and G.R. Thompson Poe's Fiction (Madison: U of Wisconsin P, 1973), pp.

77 - 87. For a discussion of the views of Carlson, Moss, and Thompson, see G.R. Thompson, Poe and Nineteenth - Century Poetry, in J:A. Robbins, ed. American Literary Scholarship 1972 (Durham, North Carolina: Duke UP, 1974), pp. 212 - 14. 9 Joel Salzberg, The Gothic Hero in Transcendental Quest: Poe's 'Ligeia' and James' 'The Beast in the Jungle,' ESQ , 18 (1972), 113. 10 These definitions of terror and horror derive from modern usage, not from Ann Radcliffe's distinction in On the Supernatural in Poetry. It will be useful to notice that, according to the definitions I use in this essay, terror will vary according to the immediacy and intensity of the Elements wiki fiction poetry film, threat.

Horror will vary according to the moral deserts and the intensity of suffering of the victim. Horror tends to become terror, or to mix with it, when the psychological distance between oneself and the victim decreases. 11 Roy P. Basler began the controversy in his 1944 College English essay The Interpretation of Ligeia, reprinted in R. Regan, ed., Poe (Englewood Cliffs. New Jersey: Prentice - Hall. 1967). pp. 51 - 63. Arguments from various points of view for a supernatural reading include James Schroeter, A Misreading of Poe's 'Ligeia,' PMLA, 76 (1961), 397 - 406; Edward Wagenknecht, Edgar Allan Poe (New York: Oxford UP, 1963), pp.

248 - 49, John Lauber 'Ligeia' and Its Critics: A Plea for Literalism. Studies in Short Fiction. 4 (1966).28 - 32: E..W. Carlson. Poe on the Soul of Write essay for me cheap Man . ( Baltimore: The E.A. Help Hotline! Poe Society and the Enoch Pratt Free Library. Write My Literature Essay Cheap! 1973). pp. 14 - 17. Essay And Contrast Between Two Countries! David Halliburton reads the story as both supernatural and psychological in Edgar Allan Poe , pp.207 - 18.

12 G. R. Thompson, ' Proper Evidences of Madness': American Gothic and the Interpretation of 'Ligeia,' ESQ , 18 (1972), 3049, and Daniel Hoffman. I Have Been Faithful toYou in Write for me cheap My Fashion: The Remarriage of Ligeia's Husband, Southern Review, 8 (1972), 89 - 105. 13 James W. Gargano, Poe's 'Ligeia': Dream and Destruction, College English, 23 (1962), 335-42. 14 Joel Porte, Tire Romance in America (Middletown, Connecticut: Wesleyan UP, 1969), pp. 69 - 74. 15 Clark Griffith, Poe's ' Ligeia' and the English Romantics. Help With Geometry Homework Hotline! University of Toronto Quarterly , 24 (1954), 8 - 13, 16 - 25. 16 Thompson's arguments appear both in 'Proper Evidences of Madness': American Gothic and Write essay for me cheap the Interpretation of 'Ligeia,' and in Poe's Vision, pp. Students! 77 - 87.

17 Stephen L. Write! Mooney, Poe's Gothic Wasteland, in C.W. Carlson, ed. The Recognition of Edgar Allan Poe (Ann Arbor: U of zoology Michigan P, 1966), p. 295. 18 I am aware of an element of unfairness in Write for me subjecting previous readings to a double - bind. Such a judgment seems inevitable from the point of view argued in this essay, but it is not meant to exempt this essay from careful scrutiny or opposing arguments. 19 Edward Bullough, 'Psychical Distance' as a Factor in Art and an Aesthetic Principle, in High Hazard Adams, ed., Critical Theory Since Plato (New York: Harcourt, 1971), p. Write Cheap! 756. 20 Roman Ingarden, Aesthetic Experience and Aesthetic Object. Philosophy, and Phenomenological Research, 21(March 1961), 289 - 313. 21 Peter Penzoldt, TheSupernatural in Fiction (1952; New York: Humanities Press, 1965), pp. 146 - 91.

22 James is speaking of his aims in The Turn of the textbooks, Screw , Preface to 'The Aspern Papers,' in The Art of the Novel (New York:, Scribner's, 1934, 1962), p. 172. 23 David H. Richter suggests that The Vicar o f Wakefield may break down structurally under the strain of essay for me cheap attempting to encompass such an end, Fable's End (Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1974), pp. 171 - 76. 24 Samuel Monk, The Sublime (Ann Arbor: U of homework hotline Michigan P, 1935), chapter 7. 25 Richard Poirier, A WorldElsewhere (New York: Oxford UP, 1966).

26 Nathaniel Hawthorne, The House of the Write cheap, Seven Gables (New York: Signet, 1961), p. 240, 27 C. Hypothesis! B. Brown, Wieland (NewYork: Doubleday, 1962), pp. 100 - 104. 28 For a survey of the discussion of Write my literature cheap The Fall of the House of Usher, see E.W. Carlson, ed., Edgar Allan Poe: The Fall of the House of Usher, (Columbus, Ohio: Charles E. Merrill, 1971). This survey should be supplemented with Halliburton, with Thompson's Poe's Fiction, and with a suggestive essay about the story's formal structure by Hypothesis paper chromatography, Walter Evans. 'The Fall of the House of Usher' and essay for me Poe's Theory of the Tale. Help Geometry Homework! Studies in Short Fiction,14 (1977 ),137 - 144. For a survey of discussions of The Turn of the Screw, see Robert Kimbrough, ed.. Write My Literature For Me! Henry James: The Turn of the Screw (New York: W.W.

Norton, 1966). Perhaps the most sophisticated argument yet to appear for a supernatural reading of Write a persuasive essay for college James' novella is in Wayne C. Booth, Critical Understanding (Chicago : U of Chicago P, 1979), pp. 284 - 301. Booth bases his argument on - the limits imposed by an informed judgment of an author's capabilities. Were he to find this paper convincing, Booth might be able to revise his judgment of James' capabilities. 29 Philip Thomson, TheGrotesque (London: Methuen, 1972), p. 27. 30 Mathew Winston, Humour Noir and Black Humor, in Harry Levin. ed..

Veins of essay Humor (Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1972), pp. Chromatography! 269 - 84; and The Ethics of Write cheap Contemporary Black Humor. The Colorado Quarter1y 24 (1976), 275 - 88. For College Students! See also my Some Techniques of essay for me cheap Black Humor, Thalia 2 (1979-80), 15-21.. 31 David I. Grossvogel, Mystery and Its Fictions (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1979), p. 21. 32 S.S. Prawer, Caligari's Children: The Film as Tale of Terror (New York: Oxford UP, 1980), chapters 2, 4, and for college 8. 33 Barton Levi St.

Armand, The Roots of Horror in the Fiction of H.P. Lovecraft (Elizabethtown, New York: Dragon Press, 1977), pp. 59 - 77. 34 H.P. Lovecraft, Through the my literature essay, Gates of the Silver Key, At the Mountains of Madness (London: Panther, 1970), p. 281. 35 That terror fiction tests and strengthens the self seems to support Varma's argument that Gothic fiction originates out of the decline of religious belief in the eighteenth century ( The Gothic Flame, pp.

206 - 212). In the nineteenth and Help with geometry twentieth centuries, it has become increasingly clear how personal identity is my literature essay for me cheap, threatened by films, the loss of a sense of relatedness to the cosmos on Write for me a spiritual level, Perhaps there is so much modem horror fiction and film because we need it now more than ever.

Metaphysical Poetry and Write my literature essay for me cheap, John Donne Essay. Define metaphysical poetry, its characteristics and John Donne as a metaphysical poet. The concept metaphysical deals with the philosophical view of the High school writing zoology nature of for me, things. Metaphysical poetry is often mentioned as poetry inspired by a philosophical concept of the universe and the role assigned to the human spirit in the great drama of existence. Metaphysical poetry is involved with the whole experience of man, but the intelligence, learning and paper chromatography, seriousness of the poets.

Metaphysical poetry has an amazing power to explore and express ideas and Write my literature essay cheap, feelings about the world and its diverse phenomena in a rational way to captivate the readers. Metaphysical poems are lyric poems. A group of 17th-century poets, whose work is characterized by the use of complex and Help with geometry homework hotline, elaborate images or conceits, typically using an intellectual form of argumentation to express emotional states are denoted as metaphysical poets. Members of this group include John Donne, George Herbert, Henry Vaughan, Andrew Marvell, Robert Herrick and Richard Crashaw who explored the Write my literature essay nature of the world and Writing critical must ensure advance, human life, and who used images that were surprising at that time. Their poetic works have been abundant with the various perspectives of human life especially – like love, romance and sensuality; about man’s relationship with God – the eternal perspective, and to a less extent, about Write my literature cheap pleasure, learning and art. The metaphysical poetry presents innovative and wondrous use of puns, paradoxes and Essay compare and contrast films, employs cunning logical propositions; Metaphysical poem is essay for me cheap brief but intense and embodies a style that is energetic and Hypothesis chromatography, vigorous. A metaphysical poem is an expanded epigram, characterized by my literature, the striking use of wit and irony. Metaphysical poetry demands concentration. Wiki Poetry Drama Film? Moreover a metaphysical conceit makes the Write for me cheap poetry more vibrant and notable. It is largely used to make a comparison of cleverness and justice and its invention is often more impressive than its justness. A metaphysical conceit is used to persuade, or to paper chromatography define, or to Write prove a point that’s why the metaphysical poetry is essay students usually argumentative and persuasive.

A metaphysical poet attempts to establish a logical connection between his emotional feelings and intellectual concepts with the help of far-fetched imagery. The clever placement of my literature, unlike imagery, thought and emotions, contrasting pair of statements and unifying altogether makes it extraordinary. Compare Between Films? According to Ben Johnson; “the metaphysical poets showcase their knowledge and intelligence in their poetry. ” The metaphysical poets play with thoughts as the Elizabethans had played with words which clearly show the Write essay cheap wit and intellect of poets. Writing Critical Essay Ensure Advance? The controlled flow of emotions is the exhibition of the potential the poets carry to express feelings in controlled language. Write My Literature Essay For Me Cheap? Metaphors, similes and personifications are significant elements of metaphysical poetry. In addition to this a combination of Elements of essay fiction film, sensibility portrays the marvelous fusion of head and heart, of intellect and emotion, of thought and passion.

The metaphysical poets harmonized thoughts, reasoning, feelings and images. Being successful at merging diverse fields, metaphysical poetry also contains a sense of humour though it is not laughable but it brings a smile to the reader’s face. Metaphysical poetry is usually a dramatic monolog, the poet is addressed to the audience like in drama and every idea is for the audience. Furthermore the my literature essay cheap abrupt openings of metaphysical poetry are therefore an attraction which creates an interest for with homework the readers. The metaphysical poets were more interested in the use of intricate rhythm, realism and obscurity.

Joan Bennet observes that in the case of Donne and his circle, the term that “metaphysical actually refers to my literature essay cheap the style rather than subject matter”. John Donne (1572-1631) was inclined to the personal and intellectual complexity and concentration that is displayed in his poetry. He is Essay compare acknowledged as the master of metaphysical poetry. John Donne was Born in London into a prosperous Roman Catholic family, at a time when England was staunchly anti-Catholic, Donne was forced to leave Oxford without a degree because of his religion. He studied law and, at the same time, read widely in theology in an attempt to decide whether the Write cheap Roman or the Anglican Church was the Essay compare between films true Catholic Church . In the meantime, he became known as a witty man of the Write essay for me world and the author of original, often dense, erotic poems. Donne participated in Essay films two naval expeditions, he was briefly sent to prison for secretly marrying his patron’s niece. In 1615, at my literature essay for me cheap, the age of forty-two, Donne accepted ordination in Write essay for college students the Anglican Church. He quickly earned a reputation as one of the greatest preachers of his time. He was Dean of St. Paul’s since 1621 until his death.

John Donne is regarded as both the pioneer and the chief spokesman of metaphysical poetry. The importance of his innovation was recognized by Write for me, Thomas Carew, who praised Donne as the paper chromatography techniques monarch of wit who ‘purged’ /’The Muses’ Garden’, threw away ‘the loose seeds / Of Servile imitation … And fresh invention planted’. But his poetry is also difficult and complicated. Write My Literature Essay Cheap? Donne adopts different oles and postures – the libertine rake, the Essay compare and contrast between devoted and constant lover and the cynic who feels cheated by his experience in love, the despairing sinner fearing damnation, and bold suitor, claiming his right to salvation. His poetry expresses radically contradictory views – of women, the body, and love. Donne’s poetry about Write my literature for me cheap love and about his relation to God invites connections with his personal life, yet it resists attempts to read it biographically. His seventeenth-century biographer, Izaak Walton, assigned the secular love poetry to chromatography the youthful Donne and the religious poetry to the mature priest. His notable works are The Good-Morrow, The Sunne Rising, Death Be Not Proud, Batter My Heart, The Canonization, A Valediction Forbidding Mourning, A Nocturnall upon S. Write My Literature Essay? Lucies Day , Twicknam Garden and The Anniversarie . The Songs and Sonnets explore man’s relation with woman, seeing erotic love as one of the most important experiences of life. Donne’s love poetry describes passionate sexual love with vigor and intensity. There are far too many suitable poems to consider all in detail, but The Good-Morrow and The Sunne Rising belong together. Whereas the Elegies in their political language and analogies often connect love and the political world, here there is a sharper opposition between the two spheres.

The private little room of love (the microcosm) contrasts with the Elements of essay wiki fiction poetry drama outside world of Write essay for me cheap, princes, explorers, lawyers, and merchants, who are all preoccupied with material concerns. “The Good-morrow” is a complex poem which moves around two central metaphors, of a pair of lovers walking into Elements drama a new life together and of new world created by their mutual love. John Donne gave a poetic status to a simple idea in an argumentative way in a three stanza structure. But the fluency of the stanza is leading to the brief penultimate line and final Alexandrine with its stately, measured quality. On (line-4) there is a reference to bible to the seven sleepers, /or snorted we in seven sleepers den/ metaphorically may be Donne and essay for me cheap, his beloved were sleeping. Furthermore in (lines 8-14) he claims that his experience of mutual love gives him a new perspective from which the rest of the world looks insignificant. The world of a persuasive for college students, love contains everything of value; it is the only one worth exploring and possessing.

Donne uses conceits and metaphors to exhibit his knowledge of geography, which is evident by the reference to the sea voyagers, that the lovers are not interested in the new worlds and discoveries, they are happy with each other and they don’t want anything else. /Let sea-discoverers to Write my literature essay new worlds have gone, / Let maps to others, worlds on worlds have shown, / Let us possess one world, each hath one, and is one/. While the following lines /Where can we find two better hemispheres/Without sharp north, without declining west? Compares the world of the lovers in the geographical world that our world is full of love and our love for each other is true and never ending. Textbooks? Love creates its own perfect world, combined of two better hemispheres. Donne’s keen interest in discovering, links him with important concerns of my literature essay cheap, his age. The sixteenth and seventeenth centuries were a time of exploration, both scientific and geographical. England also saw the essay emergence of modern, experimental science. The New World was being explored, and astronomical observations by Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo led to the discovery of a new order of the Write for me cheap heavens.

Donne telescoped images and draws references from diverse spheres of cosmology, geography, science, philosophy, alchemy, theology, sea-voyages, mythology, religion, law and even from colonial enterprise so far as Britain was then emerging as the greatest empire through colonial expansion in different countries. And Contrast Two Countries Films? Certain images or ideas recur so often as to seem typical: kingship and rule; subjectivism (“one little room an everywhere” “nothing else is”); alchemy – especially the mystical beliefs associated with elixir and Write essay, quintessence and Write a persuasive essay, cosmology, both ancient and modern (references both to Write spheres and to Write students the world of “sea-discoverers”). Another love sonnet by Donne “The Sun Rising” is Write my literature cheap a dramatic monologue addressed to the sun and the beloved. Here Donne uses personification metaphors and similes to make it interesting and Elements of essay poetry drama, attractive. Sun and ants are personified and different images are used (lines 5-10) like schoolboys, factory workers, huntsman, life of London and the royal class. There is a conceit where beloved’s beautiful eyes are compared to India (undiscovered beauty) and the sun can see that if India is as beautiful as his beloved’s eyes or his beloved’s eyes are more beautiful, this far-fetched conceit illustrates Donne’s wit and intellect. There is a metaphor where the beloved is compared to the states and my literature essay cheap, princess/she is all states, and all princes, I, nothing else/ it gives the idea that for the poet, the beloved is the entire world, royalty, majestic and grand and compare between films, maybe the sun also believes that. Hence the microcosmic world of love becomes larger and more important than the macrocosm. /Princes doe…. All wealth alchimie/ here poet says that his beloved’s beauty is copied by princess and further a metaphor express that she is more honorable and Write my literature essay, worthy than wealth and gold and their love is all the wealth for them.

The concluding couplet/ Shine here to us, and thou art everywhere/ This bed thy centre is, these walls, thy sphere/ brings forth a cosmic imagery to show how the microcosmic world of the lovers symbolizes the macrocosmic world. Donne’s Divine Poems explore the man’s relation with God, often describing it in terms of human love, and Essay compare and contrast between films, seeking to discover the true relation between man’s love for God that promises salvation. Even with his Divine Poems exploring religious experience, Donne seeks to Write my literature understand the relation between erotic and spiritual love. In Donne’s Divine Poems the sense of sinfulness is so great that the speaker insists it will take extraordinary efforts on God’s part to save him. The demands for an intense, intimate relation with God are often couched in erotic language. Perhaps the most startling poem is the sonnet ‘Batter my heart, three person’d God’, in which the speaker metaphorically says that he is like a woman who loves one man (God) but is betrothed to another (Satan), and wants to be rescued, even by force. It’s a paradoxical poem with conceits and metaphors and one of the best known in his holy sonnets. On (line 5-8) a conceit is used where the poet is comparing himself to a town which is conquered by chromatography techniques, enemies and he wants God to come to him and dominate him. Donne took ideas from the bible and Christian priests in his holy sonnets. Death Be Not Proud is Donne’s another argumentative poem, that death is not all-powerful, since it must eventually give way to eternal life, we fear as death is (for Christian believer) only form of sleep from which we have to awake on the day of judgment, when death will be abolished.

There is a reference to (Jesus Christ) in my literature for me cheap last 3 lines of (Death Be Not Proud) and the idea is taken from bible as he wants forgiveness with blood as each drop of Christ’s blood is salvation /why swell’st thou… death, thou shalt die/. The argument of the poem is that. There is another reference to the flood in Noah’s time/from rest and sleepe, … rest of chromatography, their soules deliverie/(lines5-9). Cheap? Donne in A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning compares the lovers with a pair of compasses. Such a far-fetched comparison to show the affinity and relationship of the lovers in terms of compasses is indeed astounding for which Samuel Johnson describes metaphysical conceit as a combination of dissimilar images or discovery of occult resemblances in essay must things apparently. Again in cheap Twicknam Garden Donne makes another brilliant use of a persuasive essay for college, conceit whose ingenuity, Helen Gardner considers, is more striking than its justice: ? The spider Love, which transubstantiates all/ And can convert manna to gall. In Donne’s poetry we will also examine a sudden dramatic beginning and essay for me cheap, finer exertion of colloquial language, as exemplified in the abrupt, conversational opening of Essay two countries, The Canonization where the poet-lover admonishes the intruder in a colloquial tone for for me hampering their privacy: ? For God‘s sake hold your tongue, and let me love, / Or chide my palsy, or my gout/ My five gray hairs, or ruined fortune flout?. If we keenly observe, we will find that many of the Help homework hotline tensions and contradictions in Donne’s poetry can be seen as deriving from wanting to satisfy conflicting human needs and desires. Some poems like ‘The Indifferent’ or ‘Community’ insist on male independence and for me, autonomy in erotic relations. Others like ‘The Sun Rising’ or ‘The Canonization’ show a strong desire for intimacy.

Donne’s poetry thus expresses the instability and infinity of human desire. Elements Of Essay? For all its various attitudes, what is so wonderful about Donne is my literature essay that, for ensure advance all his realistic assessment of for me cheap, those limits, and for all the admissions of Elements of essay wiki film, guilt about his immoderate desires, he never gives up wanting — and asking for -more. There are some other well-known contemporaries of John Donne like Andrew Marvell (1621–78), who is one of the English metaphysical poets. Among his best-known poems is To His Coy Mistress, a clever and entertaining attempt to persuade a young woman to go to Write my literature cheap bed with him there is an explicit argument of this poem. School Writing Textbooks? Other works of Andrew Marvell include The Coronet, Bermudas, The Definition of Love and The Garden. My Literature Cheap? Henry Vaughan (1621-1695) is another metaphysical poet, who wrote The Retreate, The World, Man and “They Are All Gone into the World of Light”. Hypothesis Paper? In The Retreate, Vaughan notes that “shadows of eternity are seen by him in natural phenomena such as clouds or flowers. His works express one’s personal relationship to God. George Herbert another worth mentioning English poet and priest, is one of the cheap metaphysical poets who dealt with religious themes such as doubt, suffering and joy, using simple language and metaphors.

Herbert’s poetry is elegant as the result of art as a cultivated expression, but not forced, spiritual humility. And Contrast Two Countries? He wrote Jordan in Write essay for me cheap which there is religious devotion versus secular love, other works are The Pearl, The Collar, Discipline and Love. Following the steps of John Donne, Richard Crashaw (1613-1649) wrote many metaphysical poems like EpigrammaticumSacrorum Liber, Steps to the. Temple, Delights of the Muses, Carmen Deo Nostro and that’s why he is also short listed among the brilliant and illustrious metaphysical poets. Elements Of Essay Wiki Fiction Drama? His collection The Temple was published after his death. Write My Literature For Me? All these legends have played an important role in the survival of metaphysical poetry. Lastly, I will mention that metaphysical poetry gives us a new dimension to create a far-fetched link with the help of metaphysical conceits, which stimulates us to think beyond the ensure advance surface level and show our wit and shrewdness. I would praise all the metaphysical poets, for their commendable job and setting a new trend in English poetry. The tremendous versatility of Donne and his contemporaries paved the way for future generations to produce something as grand as metaphysical poetry. Metaphysical poetry has its great importance in English literature due to its vivacious imagery and Write, attractive techniques. Indeed, metaphysical poetry is Hypothesis paper chromatography techniques a milestone achievement for metaphysical poets; it’s worth reading and worth admiring.

University/College: University of California. Type of paper: Thesis/Dissertation Chapter. Date: 25 November 2016. Let us write you a custom essay sample on Metaphysical Poetry and John Donne. for only $16.38 $13.9/page. Haven't found the Essay You Want? Get your custom essay sample. For Only $13.90/page.

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essay collage art The quintessential essay on Cubism and probably the most important single essay about 20th Century painting. Pablo Picasso, Still Life with Piano , 1911. C OLLAGE WAS A major turning point in the evolution of Cubism, and therefore a major turning point in the whole evolution of modernist art in this century. My Literature Essay? Who invented collage--Braque or Picasso--and when is compare and contrast, still not settled. Essay For Me Cheap? Both artists left most of the work they did between I907 and 1914 undated as well as unsigned; and each claims, or implies the claim, that his was the first collage of all. That Picasso dates his, in retrospect, almost a year earlier than Braque's com-pounds the difficulty. Nor does the internal or stylistic evidence help enough, given that the a persuasive interpretation of Cubism is still on a rudimentary level. The question of Write essay priority is much less important, however, than that of the motives which first induced either artist to paste or glue a piece of extraneous material to the surface of a picture. With Geometry Homework? About this, neither Braque nor Picasso has made him-self at all clear. The writers who have tried to explain their intentions for them speak, with a unanimity that is my literature for me, suspect in wiki poetry itself, of the need for renewed contact with reality in face of the growing abstractness of Analytical Cubism.

But the term reality, always ambiguous when used in Write connection with art, has never been used more ambiguously than here. A piece of imitation-woodgrain wallpaper is not more real under any definition, or closer to nature, than a painted simulation of it; nor is wallpaper, oilcloth, newspaper or wood more real, or closer to Writing must ensure nature, than paint on Write my literature cheap canvas. And even if these materials were more real, the question would still be begged, for reality would still explain next to nothing about the Help with geometry actual appearance of the Write my literature essay for me cheap Cubist collage. There is no question but that Braque and Picasso were concerned, in their Cubism, with holding on paper techniques to painting as an art of representation and illusion. But at first they were more crucially concerned, in essay for me and through their Cubism, with obtaining sculptural results by strictly nonsculptural means; that is, with finding for critical essay, every aspect of three-dimensional vision an explicitly two-dimensional equivalent, regardless of how much verisimilitude might suffer in the process. Painting had to spell out, rather than pretend to deny, the physical fact that it was flat, even though at the same time it had to Write my literature cheap overcome this proclaimed flatness as an Hypothesis paper techniques, aesthetic fact and continue to report nature. Neither Braque nor Picasso set himself this program in advance. It emerged, rather, as something implicit and inevitable in the course of their joint effort to cheap fill out that vision of a purer pictorial art which they had glimpsed in Cézanne, from whom they also took their means.

These means, as well as the vision, imposed their logic; and the direction of that logic became completely clear in 191 I, the fourth year of techniques Picasso's and Braque's Cubism, along with certain contradictions latent in the Cézannian vision itself. By that time, flatness had not only invaded but was threatening to swamp the Cubist picture. My Literature Essay For Me? The little facet-planes into which Braque and Picasso were dissecting everything visible now all lay parallel to the picture plane. They were no longer controlled, either in drawing or in placing, by linear or even scalar perspective. Each facet tended to be shaded, moreover, as an independent unit, with no legato passages, no unbroken tracts of value gradation on writing zoology its open side, to join it to adjacent facet-planes. At the same time, shading had itself been atomized into flecks of light and dark that could no longer be concentrated upon the edges of shapes with enough modeling force to turn these convincingly into depth. Write Essay For Me Cheap? Light and Help with homework, dark in general had begun to act more immediately as cadences of design than as plastic description or definition.

The main problem at for me cheap this juncture became to keep the inside of the picture--its content--from fusing with the outside--its literal surface. Depicted flatness--that is, the facet-planes--had to be kept separate enough from literal flatness to permit a minimal illusion of three-dimensional space to survive between the two. Braque had already been made uncomfortable by the contraction of illusioned space in his pictures of 1910. The expedient he had then hit upon Write a persuasive essay for college was to my literature essay insert a conventional, trompe-l'oeil suggestion of Writing critical must ensure deep space on top of Cubist flatness, between the depicted planes and the spectator's eye. The very un-Cubist graphic tack-with-a-cast-shadow, shown transfixing the top of a 1910 painting, Still Life with Violin and Pitcher , suggests deep space in a token way, and for me cheap, destroys the surface in a token way. The Cubist forms are converted into the illusion of a picture within a picture. In the Man with a Guitar of early 1911 (in the Museum of Modern Art), the critical essay must line-drawn tassel-and-stud in the upper left margin is a similar token. The effect, as distinct from the signification, is in both cases very discreet and inconspicuous.

Plastically, spatially, neither the tack nor the tassel-and-stud acts upon the picture; each suggests illusion without making it really present. Georges Braque, Man with a Guitar , 1911. Early in 1911, Braque was already casting around for ways of reinforcing, or rather supplementing, this suggestion, but still without introducing anything that would become more than a token. It was then, apparently, that he discovered that trompe-l'oeil could be used to undeceive as well as to deceive the my literature essay for me eye. It could be used, that is, to declare as well as to deny the actual surface.

If the Hypothesis paper techniques actuality of the surface--its real, physical flatness--could be indicated explicitly enough in certain places, it would be distinguished and separated from Write for me cheap, everything else the surface contained. Once the High school textbooks zoology literal nature of the Write essay support was advertised, whatever upon it was not intended literally would be set off and paper chromatography, enhanced in its nonliteralness. Or to put it in still another way: depicted flatness would inhabit at least the semblance of a semblance of three-dimensional-space as long as the brute, undepicted flatness of the literal surface was pointed to as being still flatter. The first and, until the advent of pasted paper, the most important device that Braque discovered for indicating and separating the surface was imitation printing, which automatically evokes a literal flatness. Block letters are seen in one of his 1910 paintings, The Match Holder ; but being done rather sketchily, and slanting into depth along with the depicted surface that bears them, they merely allude to, rather than state, the literal surface. Only in the next year are block capitals, along with lower-case letters and numerals, introduced in exact simulation of printing and stenciling, in absolute frontality and outside the Write essay for me rcpresentational context of the picture. Wherever this printing appears, it stops the Help geometry homework hotline eye at the literal plane, just as the artist's signature would. By force of contrast alone--for wherever the literal surface is not explicitly stated, it seems implicitly denied--everything else is thrust back into at least a memory of deep or plastic space. It is the old device of the repoussoir, but taken a step further: instead of being used to push an illusioned middleground farther away from an illusioned foreground, the imitation printing spells out the real paint surface and thereby pries it away from the my literature essay cheap illusion of depth. The eye-undeceiving trompe-l'oeil of simulated typography supplements, rather than replaces, the compare between films conventional eye-deceiving kind.

Another literally and graphically rendered tassel-and-stud imbeds flattened forms in token depth in Braque's Portuguese (1911), but this time the brute reality of the Write for me cheap surface, as asserted by stenciled letters and a persuasive, numerals, closes over both the token illusion of depth and the Cubist configurations like the lid on a box. Sealed between two parallel flatnesses--the depicted Cubist flatness and the literal flatness of the paint surface--the illusion is made a little more present but, at the same time, even more ambiguous. As one looks, the stenciled letters and numerals change places in depth with the Write my literature essay tassel-and-stud, and Write a persuasive essay students, the physical surface itself becomes part of the illusion for an instant: it seems pulled back into depth along with the stenciling, so that once again the Write essay cheap picture plane seems to be annihilated--but only for Write a persuasive students, the fraction of Write cheap another instant. The abiding effect is of a constant shuttling between surface and depth, in a persuasive which the depicted flatness is infected by Write my literature, the undepicted. Rather than being deceived, the eye is puzzled; instead of seeing objects in space, it sees nothing more than--a picture. Through 1911 and 1912, as the Cubist facet-plane's tendency to adhere to the literal surface became harder and chromatography, harder to deny, the task of keeping the surface at arm's length fell all the more to eye-undeceiving contrivances. To reinforce, and sometimes to replace, the simulated typography, Braque and my literature essay cheap, Picasso began to mix sand and other foreign substances with their paint; the granular texture thus created likewise called attention to the reality of the surface and was effective over Elements of essay poetry drama film, much larger areas. In certain other pictures, however, Braque began to paint areas in my literature for me cheap exact simulation of wood graining or marbleizing. These areas by virtue of their abrupt density of pattern, stated the literal surface with such new and superior force that the resulting contrast drove the simulated printing into a depth from which it could be rescued--and set to shuttling again--only by conventional perspective; that is, by being placed in such relation to the forms depicted within the illusion that these forms left no room for the typography except near the surface.

The accumulation of such devices, however, soon had the effect of telescoping, even while separating, surface and depth. The process of flattening seemed inexorable, and it became necessary to emphasize the surface still further in order to prevent it from Writing must, fusing with the illusion. It was for this reason, and no other that I can see, that in September 1912, Braque took the radical and revolutionary step of pasting actual pieces of imitation-woodgrain wallpaper to a drawing on paper, instead of trying to simulate its texture in paint. Picasso says that he himself had already made his first collage toward the end of Write cheap 1911, when he glued a piece of imitation-caning oilcloth to school zoology a painting on canvas. It is true that his first collage looks more Analytical than Braque's, which would confirm the date he assigns it.

But it is also true that Braque was the consistent pioneer in the use of simulated textures as well as of typography; and moreover, he had already begun to broaden and simplify the facet-planes of Analytical Cubism as far back as the my literature essay end of 1910. Pablo Picasso, Man in Hat , Charcoal and collage, 1912. When we examine what each master says was his first collage we see that much the same thing happens in each. (It makes no real difference that Braque's collage is on paper and eked out in charcoal, while Picasso's is on canvas and eked out in Essay two countries oil.) By its greater corporeal presence and its greater extraneousness, the affixed paper or cloth serves for a seeming moment to push everything else into a more vivid idea of depth than the simulated printing or simulated textures had ever done. But here again, the surface-declaring device both overshoots and falls short of its aim. For the illusion of depth created by the contrast between the affixed material and everything else gives way immediately to an illusion of forms in bas-relief, which gives way in turn, and with equal immediacy, to my literature essay cheap an illusion that seems to contain both--or neither. Because of the Elements of essay wiki poetry drama film size of the areas it covers, the pasted paper establishes undepicted flatness bodily, as more than an indication or sign. Write My Literature Essay? Literal flatness now tends to assert itself as the main event of the picture, and the device boomerangs: the illusion of depth is rendered even more precarious than before.

Instead of isolating the literal flatness by specifying and circumscribing it, the pasted paper or cloth releases and spreads it, and the artist seems to have nothing left but this undepicted flatness with which to finish as well as start his picture. The actual surface becomes both ground and Writing critical essay ensure advance, background, and it turns out--suddenly and paradoxically--that the cheap only place left for a three-dimensional illusion is in front of, upon, the surface. Wiki Fiction? In their very first collages, Braque and Picasso draw or paint over Write my literature essay, and on the affixed paper or cloth, so that certain of the principal features of their subjects as depicted seem to thrust out into real, bas-relief space--or to be about to do so--while the High writing rest of the subject remains imbedded in, or flat upon, the surface. And the surface is driven back, in its very surfaceness, only by this contrast. In the upper center of Braque's first collage, Fruit Dish (in Douglas Cooper's collection), a bunch of grapes is rendered with such conventionally vivid sculptural effect as to lift it practically off the picture plane. The trompe-l'oeil illusion here is no longer enclosed between parallel flatnesses, but seems to my literature for me cheap thrust through the compare and contrast between two countries surface of the drawing paper and establish depth on my literature essay cheap top of it. Yet the paper techniques violent immediacy of the wallpaper strips pasted to the paper, and the only lesser immediacy of block capitals that simulate window lettering, manage somehow to push the grape cluster back into place on the picture plane so that it does not jump. At the same time, the wallpaper strips themselves seem to be pushed into depth by the lines and patches of shading charcoaled upon them, and by their placing in relation to the block capitals; and these capitals seem in turn to Write essay for me be pushed back by critical, their placing, and by contrast with the Write essay corporeality of the woodgraining. Thus every part and plane of the Essay and contrast two countries films picture keeps changing place in relative depth with every other part and plane; and it is as if the only stable relation left among the different parts of the picture is the ambivalent and Write essay for me, ambiguous one that each has with the surface. Chromatography Techniques? And the same thing, more or less, can be said of the contents of Picasso's first collage.

In later collages of both masters, a variety of extraneous materials are used, sometimes in the same work, and almost always in conjunction with every other eye-deceiving and eye-undeceiving device they can think of. The area adjacent to my literature cheap one edge of a piece of affixed material--or simply of a persuasive essay for college students a painted in form--will be shaded to pry that edge away from the surface, while something will be drawn, painted or even pasted over another part of the same shape to drive it back into depth. Planes defined as parallel to Write for me the surface also cut through it into writing textbooks zoology, real space, and a depth is suggested optically which is greater than that established pictorially. All this expands the oscillation between surface and depth so as to encompass fictive space in front of the surface as well as behind it. Flatness may now monopolize everything, but it is a flatness become so ambiguous and Write my literature, expanded as to turn into illusion itself--at least an optical if not, properly speaking, a pictorial illusion. A Persuasive Essay For College Students? Depicted, Cubist flatness is now almost completely assimilated to the literal, undepicted kind, but at the same time it reacts upon Write for me cheap and largely transforms the undepicted kind--and it does so, moreover, without depriving the latter of a persuasive essay for college its literalness; rather, it underpins and reinforces that literalness, recreates it. Out of this re-created literalness, the Cubist subject re-emerged. For it had turned out, by a further paradox of Cubism, that the means to an illusion of depth and my literature essay, plasticity had now become widely divergent from the means of representation or imaging. In the Elements wiki poetry drama Analytical phase of their Cubism, Braque and my literature for me, Picasso had not only had to minimize three-dimensionality simply in order to preserve it; they had also had to generalize it--to the point, finally, where the illusion of depth and relief became abstracted from specific three-dimensional entities and was rendered largely as the illusion of depth and High writing, relief as such: as a disembodied attribute and expropriated property detached from everything not itself. My Literature Essay? In order to be saved, plasticity had had to school writing textbooks be isolated; and as the aspect of the subject was transposed into those clusters of more or less interchangeable and contour--obliterating facet-planes by which plasticity was isolated under the Cubist method, the subject itself became largely unrecognizable. Write Cheap? Cubism, in its 1911-1912 phase (which the French, with justice, call hermetic) was on the verge of abstract art.

It was then that Picasso and Braque were confronted with a unique dilemma: they had to choose between illusion and representation. If they opted for illusion, it could only be illusion per se--an illusion of depth, and Essay between, of relief, so general and abstracted as to exclude the representation of individual objects. If, on the other hand, they opted for Write essay for me cheap, representation, it had to be representation per se --representation as image pure and simple, without connotations (at least, without more than schematic ones) of the three-dimensional space in which the Elements of essay drama film objects represented originally existed. Write Essay For Me? It was the collage that made the terms of this dilemma clear: the representational could be restored and preserved only on Writing essay must ensure advance the flat and Write my literature essay cheap, literal surface now that illusion and representation had become, for the first time, mutually exclusive alternatives. In the end, Picasso and Braque plumped for the representational, and it would seem they did so deliberately. Essay Students? (This provides whatever real justification there is for the talk about reality.) But the inner, formal logic of Cubism, as it worked itself out through the essay for me cheap collage, had just as much to do with shaping their decision. When the smaller facet-planes of textbooks Analytical Cubism were placed upon or juxtaposed with the Write my literature cheap large, dense shapes formed by the affixed materials of the collage, they had to coalesce--become synthesized--into larger planar shapes themselves simply in Elements wiki film order to maintain the integrity of the picture plane. Essay? Left in hotline their previous atom-like smallness, they would have cut away too abruptly into depth; and the broad, opaque shapes of pasted paper would have been isolated in such a way as to make them jump out of plane. Large planes juxtaposed with other large planes tend to assert themselves as independent shapes, and to the extent that they are flat, they also assert themselves as silhouettes; and independent silhouettes are apt to coincide with the recognizable contours of the subject from Write essay for me cheap, which a picture starts (if it does start from a subject). It was because of this chain-reaction as much as for any other reason--that is, because of the growing independence of the planar unit in collage as a shape--that the identity of depicted objects, or at least parts of them, re-emerged in Braque's and Picasso's papiers collés and continued to remain more conspicuous there--but only as flattened silhouettes--than in any of their paintings done wholly in Hypothesis chromatography oil before the end of 1913. Analytical Cubism came to an end in the collage, but not conclusively; nor did Synthetic Cubism fully begin there. Only when the Write my literature essay for me collage had been exhaustively translated into oil, and transformed by this translation, did Cubism become an affair of positive color and flat, interlocking silhouettes whose legibility and placement created allusions to, if not the illusion of, unmistakable three-dimensional identities.

Synthetic Cubism began with Picasso alone, late in 1913 or early in 1914; this was the point at which he finally took the lead in Cubist innovation away from Braque, never again to relinquish it. Help With Geometry Homework? But even before that, Picasso had glimpsed and entered, for a moment, a certain revolutionary path in which no one had preceded him. It was as though, in essay for me cheap that instant, he had felt the flatness of Help geometry homework collage as too constricting and had suddenly tried to escape all the way back--or forward--to literal three-dimensionality. This he did by using utterly literal means to carry the forward push of the collage (and of Cubism in general) literally into the literal space in front of the picture plane. Some time in 1912, Picasso cut out and folded a piece of paper in the shape of a guitar; to this he glued and fitted other pieces of paper and four taut strings, thus creating a sequence of flat surfaces in real and sculptural space to which there clung only the vestige of a picture plane.

The affixed elements of collage were extruded, as it were, and cut off from the literal pictorial surface to form a bas-relief. By this act he founded a new tradition and genre of sculpture, the one that came to be called construction. Though construction, sculpture was freed long ago from Write cheap, strict bas-relief frontality, it has continued to be marked by its pictorial origins, so that the sculptor-constructor Gonzalez, Picasso's friend, could refer to Writing must ensure it as the new art of drawing in space--that is, of manipulating two-dimensional forms in three-dimensional space. (Not only essay for me cheap, did Picasso found this new art with his paper guitar of wiki film 1912, but he went on, some years afterwards, to make some of the strongest as well as most germinative contributions to it.) Neither Picasso nor Braque ever really returned to collage after 1914. The others who have taken it up have exploited it largely for its shock value, which collage had only Write for me, incidentally--or even only accidentally--in the hands of its originators. There have been a few exceptions: Gris notably, but also Arp, Schwitters, Miro, E. L. T. Mesens, Dubuffet and, in this country, Robert Motherwell and Anne Ryan. In this context, Gris's example remains the most interesting and essay students, most instructive. Braque and Picasso had obtained a new, self-transcending kind of decoration by reconstructing the picture surface with what had once been the means of its denial. Starting from illusion, they had arrived at a transfigured, almost abstract kind of literalness. With Gris it was the opposite.

As he himself explained, he started out with abstract flat shapes, to Write my literature cheap which he then fitted recognizable images and emblems of three-dimensionality. And whereas Braque's and Picasso's subjects were dissected in three dimensions in the course of being transposed into Help with, two, Gris's first Cubist subjects tended--even before they were fitted into the picture, and as if preformed by Write for me cheap, its surface--to be analyzed in two-dimensional and purely decorative rhythms. It was only later that he became more aware of the fact that Cubism was not a question of decorative overlay and that the resonance of its surfaces derived from an abiding concern with plasticity and illusion which informed the very renunciation of Help homework plasticity and my literature cheap, illusion. In his collages almost more than anywhere else, we see Gris trying to solve the problems proposed by this fuller awareness. But his collages also show the extent to which his awareness remained incomplete. Because he continued to take the picture plane as given and therefore not needing to be re-created, Gris became perhaps too solicitous about the Essay films illusion. He used pasted paper and trompe-l'oeil textures and lettering to assert flatness, but he almost always completely sealed the flatness inside an illusion of conventional depth by allowing images rendered with relatively sculptural vividness to occupy, unambiguously, too much of both the nearest and farthest planes. Because he shaded and modeled more abundantly and tended to use more explicit color under his shading, Gris's collages seldom declare their surfaces as forthrightly as Picasso's and Braque's collages do. Their total presence is Write cheap, thus less immediate and has something about it of the removedness, the closed-off presence, of the traditional picture. And yet, because their decorative elements function to a greater extent solely as decoration, Gris's collages also seem more conventionally decorative.

Instead of the seamless fusion of the decorative with the chromatography plastic that we get in Picasso and Braque, there is an alternation, a collocation, a mere juxtaposition of the two; and whenever this relation goes beyond juxtaposition, it leads more often to confusion than to Write my literature cheap fusion. Gris's collages have their merits, but only a few of school textbooks them deserve the Write my literature unqualified praise they have received. Juan Gris, Le Journal, 1916. But many of Gris's oils of chromatography 1915-1918 do deserve their praise. In all Justice, it should be pointed out that his paintings of those years demonstrate, perhaps more clearly than anything by Braque or Picasso, something which is my literature for me cheap, of the highest importance to Cubism and to the collage's effect upon it: namely, the paper techniques liquidation of Write essay cheap sculptural shading. In Braque's and Picasso's very first papiers collés , shading stops being pointillist and a persuasive students, suddenly becomes broad and my literature essay for me cheap, incisive again, like the shapes it modifies. Help With Homework? This change in essay for me cheap shading also accounts for the bas-relief effects, or the velleities to bas-relief, of the first collages. But large patches of shading on a densely or emphatically patterned ground, such as woodgrain or newsprint, tend to take off on their own when their relation to the model in nature is not self-evident, just the way large planes do under the same circumstances. They abandon their sculptural function and become independent shapes constituted by blackness or grayness alone. Not only did this fact contribute further to the ambiguity of the collage's surface; it also served further to reduce shading to a mere component of surface design and color scheme.

When shading becomes that, all other colors become more purely color. Elements Of Essay Poetry? It was in this way that positive color re-emerged in the collage--recapitulating, curiously enough, the way pure color had emerged in cheap the first place for Manet and the Impressionists. In Analytical Cubism, shading as shading had been divorced from specific shapes while retaining in principle the capacity to with geometry hotline inflect generalized surfaces into depth. In collage, shading, though restored to specific shapes or silhouettes, lost its power to act as modeling because it became a specific shape in itself. This is Write essay for me, how and why shading, as a means to illusion, disappeared from the collages of Braque and Picasso, and from their Cubism, never really to reappear. But it was left to Gris, in his pictures of 1915-1918, to elucidate this process and its consequences for all to see--and, in doing so, to Writing critical must ensure produce, finally, triumphant art. Gris's Cubism in this period--which is almost as much Analytical as it is Synthetic--separated, fixed and my literature, immobilized, in oil on wood or canvas, some of the over-lapping stages of the transformation that Cubism had already undergone in of essay wiki fiction poetry film Braque's and Picasso's glued and pasted pictures. The cleanly and simply contoured solid black shapes on which Gris relied so much in Write my literature cheap these paintings represent fossilized shadows and fossilized patches of shading. All the value gradations are summed up in a single, ultimate value of flat, opaque black--a black that becomes a color as sonorous and pure as any spectrum color and that confers upon the silhouettes it fills an Hypothesis paper techniques, even greater weight than is Write my literature, possessed by the lighter-hued forms which these silhouettes are supposed to shade.

In this phase alone does Gris's art, in my opinion, sustain the main tenor of Cubism. Here, at last, his practice is so completely informed by a definite and writing zoology, steady vision that the details of execution take care of themselves. Write For Me? And here, at last, the decorative is transcended and transfigured, as it had already been in Picasso's, Braque's and Léger's art, in a monumental unity. Help With Homework Hotline? This monumentality has little to do with size. (Early and late, and whether in Picasso's hands or Braque's, Cubism has never lent itself with entire success to an outsize format. Even Léger's rather splendid big pictures of the late 1910S and early I920S do not quite match the perfection of his smaller scale Cubism of 1910-1914.) The monumentality of Cubism in the hands of its masters is Write my literature essay for me, more a question of a vision and Essay and contrast two countries films, attitude--an attitude toward the immediate physical means of pictorial art--thanks to which easel paintings and even sketches acquire the self-evident self-sufficiency of architecture. This is as true of the Cubist collage as of anything else in my literature essay for me cheap Cubism, and perhaps it is even truer of the collage than of Hypothesis paper anything else in Cubism.

-- Art and Culture , substantially revised from an article in Art News , September, 1958.